אֶל־הֶֽהָרִים֙ לֹ֣א אָכָ֔ל וְעֵינָיו֙ לֹ֣א נָשָׂ֔א אֶל־גִּלּוּלֵ֖י בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וְאֶת־אֵ֤שֶׁת רֵעֵ֨הוּ֙ לֹ֣א טִמֵּ֔א וְאֶל־אִשָּׁ֥ה נִדָּ֖ה לֹ֥א יִקְרָֽב׃
To the mountains he did not eat, and his eyes he did not lift to the idols of the house of Yisraʾel, and the wife of his neighbor he did not defile, and to a woman unclean by impurity he did not draw near.
Morphology
- אֶל־ (ʾel) – Root: אל; Form: Preposition; Translation: “to”; Notes: Introduces direction or relation.
- הֶהָרִים (he-harim) – Root: הר; Form: Noun masculine plural with definite article; Translation: “the mountains”; Notes: Refers to high places of idolatrous worship.
- לֹא (lo) – Root: לא; Form: Negative particle; Translation: “not”; Notes: Negates the following action.
- אָכָל (akhal) – Root: אכל; Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “he ate”; Notes: In context, means “he did not eat” sacrifices at idolatrous high places.
- וְעֵינָיו (ve-ʿeinav) – Root: עין; Form: Conjunction + noun feminine dual with 3rd person masculine singular suffix; Translation: “and his eyes”; Notes: Indicates subject’s focus or desire.
- לֹא (lo) – Root: לא; Form: Negative particle; Translation: “not”; Notes: Negates the lifting of the eyes toward idols.
- נָשָׂא (nasaʾ) – Root: נשׂא; Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “he lifted”; Notes: Refers metaphorically to directing attention or worship.
- אֶל־ (ʾel) – Root: אל; Form: Preposition; Translation: “to”; Notes: Introduces the object of worship.
- גִּלּוּלֵי (gillulei) – Root: גלל; Form: Noun masculine plural construct; Translation: “idols of”; Notes: A derogatory term for idols, literally “dung-things.”
- בֵּית (beit) – Root: בית; Form: Noun masculine singular construct; Translation: “house of”; Notes: Links to Yisraʾel.
- יִשְׂרָאֵל (Yisraʾel) – Root: ישראל; Form: Proper noun; Translation: “Yisraʾel”; Notes: Refers to the nation of Israel.
- וְאֶת־ (ve-et) – Root: את; Form: Conjunction + direct object marker; Translation: [not translated]; Notes: Marks the definite direct object “the wife of his neighbor.”
- אֵשֶׁת (eshet) – Root: אשׁה; Form: Noun feminine singular construct; Translation: “wife of”; Notes: Possessive construct form.
- רֵעֵהוּ (reʿehu) – Root: רע; Form: Noun masculine singular construct + 3rd person masculine singular suffix; Translation: “his neighbor”; Notes: Refers to another man’s wife.
- לֹא (lo) – Root: לא; Form: Negative particle; Translation: “not”; Notes: Negates the defilement action.
- טִמֵּא (timmeʾ) – Root: טמא; Form: Piel perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “he defiled”; Notes: Piel intensifies — “he did not defile.”
- וְאֶל־ (ve-ʾel) – Root: אל; Form: Conjunction + preposition; Translation: “and to”; Notes: Introduces the next prohibition.
- אִשָּׁה (ishah) – Root: אשׁה; Form: Noun feminine singular; Translation: “a woman”; Notes: Object of the following verb.
- נִדָּה (niddah) – Root: נדד; Form: Noun feminine singular; Translation: “unclean by impurity”; Notes: Refers to ritual impurity of menstruation.
- לֹא (lo) – Root: לא; Form: Negative particle; Translation: “not”; Notes: Negates the action of approaching.
- יִקְרָב (yiqrav) – Root: קרב; Form: Qal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “he shall draw near”; Notes: Prohibition of sexual approach during impurity.