כֹּ֤ה אָמַר֙ אֲדֹנָ֣י יְהוִ֔ה יַ֣עַן עֲשֹׂ֥ות אֱדֹ֛ום בִּנְקֹ֥ם נָקָ֖ם לְבֵ֣ית יְהוּדָ֑ה וַיֶּאְשְׁמ֥וּ אָשֹׁ֖ום וְנִקְּמ֥וּ בָהֶֽם׃
‘Thus says the Lord YHWH: “Because Edom acted in taking vengeance against the house of Yehuda, and they became guilty of guilt and took vengeance upon them,”
Morphology
- כֹּה (koh) – Root: particle; Form: Demonstrative adverb; Translation: “thus”; Notes: Standard prophetic formula.
- אָמַר (amar) – Root: אמר (ʾamar); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “says”; Notes: Introduces divine speech.
- אֲדֹנָי (ʾadonai) – Root: אדן (ʾadon); Form: Proper noun with possessive suffix; Translation: “my Lord”; Notes: Title of reverence.
- יְהוִה (YHWH) – Root: tetragrammaton; Form: Proper noun divine name; Translation: “YHWH”; Notes: Covenant name of God.
- יַעַן (yaʿan) – Root: ען (ʿan); Form: Preposition; Translation: “because”; Notes: Introduces reason clause.
- עֲשֹׂות (ʿasot) – Root: עשה (ʿasah); Form: Qal infinitive construct; Translation: “doing/acting”; Notes: Indicates Edom’s action.
- אֱדֹום (ʾEdom) – Root: אדום (ʾEdom); Form: Proper noun masculine singular; Translation: “Edom”; Notes: Nation south of Yisraʾel, descended from Esau.
- בִּנְקֹם (bi-nqom) – Root: נקם (naqam); Form: Preposition בְּ + Qal infinitive construct; Translation: “in taking vengeance”; Notes: Marks the action of revenge.
- נָקָם (naqam) – Root: נקם (naqam); Form: Noun masculine singular absolute; Translation: “vengeance”; Notes: Refers to retributive justice or retaliation.
- לְבֵית (le-beit) – Root: בית (bayit); Form: Preposition לְ + noun masculine singular construct; Translation: “against the house of”; Notes: Refers to the people of Yehudah as a collective house.
- יְהוּדָה (Yehudah) – Root: יהודה (Yehudah); Form: Proper noun masculine singular; Translation: “Yehudah”; Notes: The southern kingdom of Yisraʾel.
- וַיֶּאְשְׁמוּ (va-yeʾshmu) – Root: אשם (ʾasham); Form: Qal wayyiqtol (narrative past) 3rd person common plural; Translation: “and they became guilty”; Notes: Refers to Edom’s moral guilt before YHWH.
- אָשֹׁום (ʾashom) – Root: אשם (ʾasham); Form: Noun masculine singular absolute; Translation: “guilt”; Notes: Refers to culpability or wrongdoing.
- וְנִקְּמוּ (ve-niqqemu) – Root: נקם (naqam); Form: Niphal wayyiqtol (narrative past) 3rd person common plural; Translation: “and they took vengeance”; Notes: Emphasizes Edom’s hostile retaliation.
- בָהֶם (vahem) – Root: הם (hem); Form: Preposition בְּ + third person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “upon them”; Notes: Refers to Yehudah as the object of Edom’s vengeance.