יְהוָה֮ צַדִּ֪יק יִ֫בְחָ֥ן וְ֭רָשָׁע וְאֹהֵ֣ב חָמָ֑ס שָֽׂנְאָ֥ה נַפְשֹֽׁו׃
YHWH examines the righteous, but the wicked and the one loving violence His soul hates.
| # | Hebrew | Transliteration | Literal Gloss | Morph Tag |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | יְהוָה | YHWH | “YHWH” | Proper noun |
| 2 | צַדִּיק | tsaddiq | “righteous” | Adj/N ms |
| 3 | יִבְחָן | yivḥan | “he examines” | Qal imperfect 3ms |
| 4 | וְרָשָׁע | ve-rashaʿ | “and the wicked” | Conj וְ + N/Adj ms |
| 5 | וְאֹהֵב | ve-ʾohev | “and the one loving” | Conj וְ + Qal participle ms |
| 6 | חָמָס | ḥamas | “violence” | N ms |
| 7 | שָׂנְאָה | saneʾah | “hates” | Qal perfect 3fs |
| 8 | נַפְשֹׁו | nafsho | “His soul” | N fs + suff 3ms |
Morphology
- יְהוָה (YHWH) – Root: הוה (hwh); Root Type: III-He (weak); Form: Proper noun masculine singular; Translation: “YHWH”; Notes: The covenant name of the God of Yisraʾel, functioning as the subject of the clause.
- צַדִּיק (tsaddiq) – Root: צדק (tsadaq); Root Type: Strong; Form: Adjective masculine singular functioning substantively; Translation: “the righteous”; Notes: Refers to the person characterized by justice and moral integrity.
- יִבְחָן (yivḥan) – Root: בחן (baḥan); Root Type: I-Guttural (בּח); Binyan: Qal; Form: Imperfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “he examines”; Notes: Indicates divine testing or evaluation of the righteous.
- וְרָשָׁע (ve-rashaʿ) – Root: רשע (rashaʿ); Root Type: III-Guttural (ע); Form: Conjunction וְ + adjective masculine singular functioning substantively; Translation: “and the wicked”; Notes: Introduces the contrast with the righteous.
- וְאֹהֵב (ve-ʾohev) – Root: אהב (ʾahav); Root Type: I-Guttural (א); Binyan: Qal; Form: Conjunction וְ + participle masculine singular; Translation: “and the one loving”; Notes: The participle describes a habitual characteristic.
- חָמָס (ḥamas) – Root: חמס (ḥamas); Root Type: Strong; Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “violence”; Notes: Refers to wrongdoing or oppression.
- שָׂנְאָה (saneʾah) – Root: שׂנא (saneʾ); Root Type: III-Guttural (א); Binyan: Qal; Form: Perfect 3rd person feminine singular; Translation: “hates”; Notes: The feminine verb agrees with the feminine noun נֶפֶשׁ.
- נַפְשֹׁו (nafsho) – Root: נפשׁ (nefesh); Root Type: Strong; Form: Noun feminine singular + suffix 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “His soul”; Notes: Anthropomorphic language expressing the inner disposition of YHWH.