לָכֵ֕ן הִנָּבֵ֖א עַל־אַדְמַ֣ת יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וְאָמַרְתָּ֡ לֶהָרִ֣ים וְ֠לַגְּבָעֹות לָאֲפִיקִ֨ים וְלַגֵּאָיֹ֜ות כֹּֽה־אָמַ֣ר אֲדֹנָ֣י יְהוִ֗ה הִנְנִ֨י בְקִנְאָתִ֤י וּבַחֲמָתִי֙ דִּבַּ֔רְתִּי יַ֛עַן כְּלִמַּ֥ת גֹּויִ֖ם נְשָׂאתֶֽם׃
Therefore prophesy concerning the land of Yisraʾel, and say to the mountains and to the hills, to the ravines and to the valleys, thus says the Lord YHWH: “Behold, I have spoken in my jealousy and in my fury, because you have borne the reproach of the nations.”
Morphology
- לָכֵן (lakhen) – Root: כן (ken); Form: Adverb; Translation: “Therefore”; Notes: Introduces a divine command resulting from previous statements of judgment.
- הִנָּבֵא (hinave) – Root: נבא (navaʾ); Form: Niphal imperative masculine singular; Translation: “prophesy”; Notes: Command to the prophet to speak under divine inspiration.
- עַל־אַדְמַת (ʿal-admat) – Root: אדמה (adamah); Form: Preposition עַל + noun feminine singular construct; Translation: “concerning the land of”; Notes: Marks the object of prophecy—Yisraʾel’s land.
- יִשְׂרָאֵל (Yisraʾel) – Root: ישראל (Yisraʾel); Form: Proper noun; Translation: “Yisraʾel”; Notes: Refers to the people and territory of the covenant nation.
- וְאָמַרְתָּ (ve-amarta) – Root: אמר (ʾamar); Form: Conjunction וְ + Qal perfect 2nd person masculine singular; Translation: “and you shall say”; Notes: Continuation of YHWH’s command to the prophet.
- לֶהָרִים (le-harim) – Root: הר (har); Form: Preposition לְ + noun masculine plural; Translation: “to the mountains”; Notes: Addresses the geographical features personified as witnesses.
- וְלַגְּבָעֹות (ve-la-gevʿot) – Root: גבעה (givʿah); Form: Conjunction וְ + preposition לְ + definite noun feminine plural; Translation: “and to the hills”; Notes: Part of the poetic parallelism in the address to the land.
- לָאֲפִיקִים (la-afiqim) – Root: אפיק (afiq); Form: Preposition לְ + noun masculine plural; Translation: “to the ravines”; Notes: Refers to channels or streambeds in the land.
- וְלַגֵּאָיֹות (ve-la-geʾayot) – Root: גיא (gayʾ); Form: Conjunction וְ + preposition לְ + definite noun feminine plural; Translation: “and to the valleys”; Notes: Continues the geographical address to the land’s contours.
- כֹּה־אָמַר (koh-ʾamar) – Root: אמר (ʾamar); Form: Particle “thus” + Qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “thus says”; Notes: Prophetic formula introducing divine speech.
- אֲדֹנָי (Adonai) – Root: אדן (ʾadon); Form: Noun masculine plural of majesty; Translation: “my Lord”; Notes: Title denoting sovereignty and majesty.
- יְהוִה (YHWH) – Root: היה (hayah); Form: Proper divine name; Translation: “YHWH”; Notes: The covenant name of God.
- הִנְנִי (hineni) – Root: הנה (hinneh); Form: Interjection + pronominal suffix 1st person singular; Translation: “Behold, I”; Notes: Expresses divine self-introduction before an action.
- בְקִנְאָתִי (be-qinʾati) – Root: קנא (qanaʾ); Form: Preposition בְּ + noun feminine singular + suffix 1st person singular; Translation: “in my jealousy”; Notes: Expresses YHWH’s zealous passion for His land and honor.
- וּבַחֲמָתִי (u-va-ḥamati) – Root: חמה (ḥamah); Form: Conjunction וְ + preposition בְּ + noun feminine singular + suffix 1st person singular; Translation: “and in my fury”; Notes: Indicates YHWH’s burning anger and righteous indignation.
- דִּבַּרְתִּי (dibarti) – Root: דבר (davar); Form: Piel perfect 1st person singular; Translation: “I have spoken”; Notes: Denotes an emphatic divine declaration with intensity of expression.
- יַעַן (yaʿan) – Root: —; Form: Causal particle; Translation: “because”; Notes: Introduces the reason for divine speech or judgment.
- כְּלִמַּת (kelimmat) – Root: כלם (kalam); Form: Noun feminine singular construct; Translation: “the reproach of”; Notes: Refers to shame or humiliation inflicted by others.
- גֹּויִם (goyim) – Root: גוי (goy); Form: Noun masculine plural; Translation: “nations”; Notes: Refers to Gentile nations who derided Yisraʾel.
- נְשָׂאתֶם (nesaʾtem) – Root: נשא (nasaʾ); Form: Qal perfect 2nd person masculine plural; Translation: “you have borne”; Notes: Indicates Yisraʾel’s passive endurance of humiliation and reproach.