מַכֶּ֤ה עַמִּים֙ בְּעֶבְרָ֔ה מַכַּ֖ת בִּלְתִּ֣י סָרָ֑ה רֹדֶ֤ה בָאַף֙ גֹּויִ֔ם מֻרְדָּ֖ף בְּלִ֥י חָשָֽׂךְ׃
Who struck peoples in wrath with an unrelenting blow, ruling nations in anger, pursued without restraint.
Morphology
- מַכֶּה (makkeh) – Root: נכה (nakah); Form: Hifil participle masculine singular; Translation: “who struck”; Notes: Describes continual or characteristic action.
- עַמִּים (ʿammim) – Root: עם (ʿam); Form: Noun masculine plural; Translation: “peoples”; Notes: Refers to multiple nations or ethnic groups.
- בְּעֶבְרָה (be-ʿevrah) – Root: עבר (ʿevrah); Form: Preposition + noun feminine singular; Translation: “in wrath”; Notes: Denotes intense fury, divine or human.
- מַכַּת (makkat) – Root: נכה (nakah); Form: Noun feminine singular construct; Translation: “a blow of”; Notes: Construct form linking to next adjective phrase.
- בִּלְתִּי סָרָה (bilti sarah) – Root: סרר (sarar); Form: Negative particle + adjective feminine singular; Translation: “unrelenting” or “unwithdrawn”; Notes: Indicates a blow that never ceased or lessened.
- רֹדֶה (rodeh) – Root: רדה (radah); Form: Qal participle masculine singular; Translation: “ruling”; Notes: Exercising harsh dominion or tyrannical control.
- בָאַף (va-af) – Root: אף (ʾaf); Form: Preposition + noun masculine singular; Translation: “in anger”; Notes: Indicates emotional fury in rulership.
- גֹּויִם (goyim) – Root: גוי (goy); Form: Noun masculine plural; Translation: “nations”; Notes: Typical parallel to “peoples.”
- מֻרְדָּף (murdaf) – Root: רדף (radaf); Form: Pual participle masculine singular; Translation: “pursued”; Notes: Indicates passive status—being relentlessly chased.
- בְּלִי חָשָׂךְ (bli ḥasakh) – Root: חשׂך (ḥasakh); Form: Preposition + noun masculine singular; Translation: “without restraint” or “without sparing”; Notes: Absolute, merciless pursuit.