וְשָׁפַט֙ בֵּ֣ין הַגֹּויִ֔ם וְהֹוכִ֖יחַ לְעַמִּ֣ים רַבִּ֑ים וְכִתְּת֨וּ חַרְבֹותָ֜ם לְאִתִּ֗ים וַחֲנִיתֹֽותֵיהֶם֙ לְמַזְמֵרֹ֔ות לֹא־יִשָּׂ֨א גֹ֤וי אֶל־גֹּוי֙ חֶ֔רֶב וְלֹא־יִלְמְד֥וּ עֹ֖וד מִלְחָמָֽה׃ פ
And He shall judge between the nations and shall rebuke many peoples, and they shall beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks; nation shall not lift up sword against nation, and they shall learn war no more.
Morphology
- וְשָׁפַט (ve-shafat) – Root: שׁפט; Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular with vav-consecutive; Translation: “and He shall judge”; Notes: Refers to YHWH or the ideal messianic figure administering justice.
- בֵּין (bein) – Root: בין; Form: Preposition; Translation: “between”; Notes: Introduces contrasting parties.
- הַגּוֹיִם (ha-goyim) – Root: גוי; Form: Noun masculine plural with definite article; Translation: “the nations”; Notes: Refers to non-Yisraʾelite peoples in general.
- וְהֹוכִיחַ (ve-hokhiaḥ) – Root: יכח; Form: Hifil perfect 3rd person masculine singular with vav-consecutive; Translation: “and He shall rebuke” or “settle disputes”; Notes: Carries legal connotation of rendering correction.
- לְעַמִּים (le-ʿammim) – Root: עם; Form: Preposition + noun masculine plural; Translation: “to peoples”; Notes: Broader than “goyim,” including all groups.
- רַבִּים (rabbim) – Root: רבב; Form: Adjective masculine plural; Translation: “many”; Notes: Emphasizes universality.
- וְכִתְּתוּ (ve-kittetu) – Root: כתת; Form: Piel perfect 3rd person masculine plural with vav-consecutive; Translation: “and they shall beat”; Notes: To hammer or crush into a new form.
- חַרְבוֹתָם (ḥarvotam) – Root: חרב; Form: Noun feminine plural with 3rd person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “their swords”; Notes: Instruments of war transformed into tools of peace.
- לְאִתִּים (le-ittim) – Root: את; Form: Preposition + noun masculine plural; Translation: “into plowshares”; Notes: Farming tools—symbol of peaceful cultivation.
- וַחֲנִיתוֹתֵיהֶם (va-ḥanitoteihem) – Root: חנית; Form: Conjunction + noun feminine plural with 3rd person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “and their spears”; Notes: More instruments of battle, subject to transformation.
- לְמַזְמֵרוֹת (le-mazmerot) – Root: זמר; Form: Preposition + noun feminine plural; Translation: “into pruning hooks”; Notes: Used for cutting vines, symbol of agricultural peace.
- לֹא־יִשָּׂא (lo-yissa) – Root: נשא; Form: Negative particle + Qal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “shall not lift up”; Notes: No aggressive action will be taken.
- גּוֹי אֶל־גּוֹי (goy el-goy) – Root: גוי; Form: Noun + preposition + noun; Translation: “nation against nation”; Notes: Mutual hostility is eliminated.
- חֶרֶב (ḥerev) – Root: חרב; Form: Noun feminine singular; Translation: “a sword”; Notes: Object of aggression, now inactive.
- וְלֹא־יִלְמְדוּ (ve-lo-yilmedu) – Root: למד; Form: Conjunction + negative particle + Qal imperfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “and they shall not learn”; Notes: No more instruction in violence or war.
- עוֹד (ʿod) – Root: עוד; Form: Adverb; Translation: “any more” or “again”; Notes: Indicates cessation.
- מִלְחָמָה (milḥamah) – Root: לחם; Form: Noun feminine singular; Translation: “war”; Notes: A complete end to military conflict.