Isaiah 2:8

וַתִּמָּלֵ֥א אַרְצֹ֖ו אֱלִילִ֑ים לְמַעֲשֵׂ֤ה יָדָיו֙ יִֽשְׁתַּחֲו֔וּ לַאֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשׂ֖וּ אֶצְבְּעֹתָֽיו׃

And his land is filled with idols; they bow down to the work of their hands, to that which his fingers have made.

Morphology

1. וַתִּמָּלֵא (va-timmalé) – Root: מלא; Form: Nifal wayyiqtol (narrative past) 3rd person feminine singular; Translation: “and it was filled”; Notes: Refers to the land (ארץ, feminine), indicating spiritual corruption.
2. אַרְצֹו (artzó) – Root: ארץ; Form: Noun feminine singular with 3rd person masculine singular suffix; Translation: “his land”; Notes: Refers to the land of Yisraʾel or the people being addressed.
3. אֱלִילִים (ʾelilim) – Root: אלל; Form: Noun masculine plural; Translation: “idols”; Notes: Derogatory term for false gods—powerless objects of worship.
4. לְמַעֲשֵׂה (le-maʿaséh) – Root: עשה; Form: Preposition + noun masculine singular construct; Translation: “to the work of”; Notes: Indicates what is being worshiped.
5. יָדָיו (yadav) – Root: יד; Form: Noun feminine plural with 3rd person masculine singular suffix; Translation: “his hands”; Notes: The creator of the idols is the same one who worships them.
6. יִשְׁתַּחֲווּ (yishtachăvu) – Root: שׁחה; Form: Hishtaphel imperfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “they bow down”; Notes: Denotes worship or prostration, here misdirected.
7. לַאֲשֶׁר (la-ʾasher) – Root: אשר; Form: Preposition + relative pronoun; Translation: “to that which”; Notes: Introduces the object of their worship.
8. עָשׂוּ (ʿasu) – Root: עשה; Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “they have made”; Notes: Refers to the making of the idols by human effort.
9. אֶצְבְּעֹתָיו (etsbeʿotav) – Root: אצבע; Form: Noun feminine plural with 3rd person masculine singular suffix; Translation: “his fingers”; Notes: Emphasizes the absurdity of worshiping man-made objects.