Isaiah 33:8

נָשַׁ֣מּוּ מְסִלֹּ֔ות שָׁבַ֖ת עֹבֵ֣ר אֹ֑רַח הֵפֵ֤ר בְּרִית֙ מָאַ֣ס עָרִ֔ים לֹ֥א חָשַׁ֖ב אֱנֹֽושׁ׃

The highways lie desolate; the traveler ceases. He has broken the covenant, despised cities; he regards no man.

Morphology

1. נָשַׁ֣מּוּ (nashammu) – Root: שׁמם; Form: Niphal perfect 3rd person common plural; Translation: “they lie desolate”; Notes: Niphal denotes a passive or stative result of destruction.
2. מְסִלֹּ֔ות (mesillot) – Root: סלל; Form: Noun feminine plural; Translation: “highways”; Notes: Elevated roads or major routes of travel.
3. שָׁבַ֖ת (shavat) – Root: שׁבת; Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “ceased”; Notes: Often used to describe cessation of activity or rest.
4. עֹבֵ֣ר (ʿover) – Root: עבר; Form: Qal participle masculine singular; Translation: “the traveler”; Notes: Lit. “one passing through.”
5. אֹ֑רַח (ʾorach) – Root: ארח; Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “path” or “way”; Notes: Refers to a traveled route or road.
6. הֵפֵ֤ר (hefer) – Root: פרר; Form: Hiphil perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “he has broken”; Notes: Hiphil indicates causative force—he caused the covenant to be nullified.
7. בְּרִית֙ (berit) – Root: ברית; Form: Noun feminine singular; Translation: “covenant”; Notes: Refers to a formal agreement, likely between peoples or with YHWH.
8. מָאַ֣ס (maʾas) – Root: מאס; Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “he has despised”; Notes: Conveys rejection with disdain.
9. עָרִ֔ים (ʿarim) – Root: עיר; Form: Noun feminine plural; Translation: “cities”; Notes: Refers to urban centers, now scorned or abandoned.
10. לֹ֥א (lo) – Root: לא; Form: Negative particle; Translation: “not”; Notes: Negates the following verb.
11. חָשַׁ֖ב (ḥashav) – Root: חשב; Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “he regarded” or “considered”; Notes: Indicates mental evaluation or care.
12. אֱנֹֽושׁ (ʾenosh) – Root: אנשׁ; Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “man” or “mortal”; Notes: Used poetically to emphasize human frailty or insignificance.