עַל־כֵּ֡ן חָרָה֩ אַף־יְהוָ֨ה בְּעַמֹּ֜ו וַיֵּ֣ט יָדֹ֧ו עָלָ֣יו וַיַּכֵּ֗הוּ וַֽיִּרְגְּזוּ֙ הֶֽהָרִ֔ים וַתְּהִ֧י נִבְלָתָ֛ם כַּסּוּחָ֖ה בְּקֶ֣רֶב חוּצֹ֑ות בְּכָל־זֹאת֙ לֹא־שָׁ֣ב אַפֹּ֔ו וְעֹ֖וד יָדֹ֥ו נְטוּיָֽה׃
Therefore the anger of YHWH was kindled against His people, and He stretched out His hand against them and struck them, and the mountains trembled, and their corpses were like refuse in the midst of the streets. For all this His anger is not turned back, and His hand is still stretched out.
Morphology
- עַל־כֵּן (ʿal-ken) – Root: כן (ken); Form: Preposition + adverb; Translation: “Therefore”; Notes: Introduces the result of preceding offenses.
- חָרָה (ḥarah) – Root: חרה (ḥarah); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “was kindled”; Notes: Often used of divine anger.
- אַף־יְהוָה (ʾaf-YHWH) – Root: אף (ʾaf); Form: Noun masculine singular construct + proper noun; Translation: “the anger of YHWH”; Notes: Anthropomorphic expression of wrath.
- בְּעַמֹּו (be-ʿammo) – Root: עם (ʿam); Form: Preposition + noun masculine singular with 3rd person masculine singular suffix; Translation: “against His people”; Notes: Refers to Yisraʾel.
- וַיֵּט (va-yet) – Root: נטה (natah); Form: Qal wayyiqtol 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “and He stretched out”; Notes: Common image of divine intervention.
- יָדֹו (yado) – Root: יד (yad); Form: Noun feminine singular with 3rd person masculine singular suffix; Translation: “His hand”; Notes: Symbol of power and action.
- עָלָיו (ʿalav) – Root: על (ʿal); Form: Preposition + 3rd person masculine singular suffix; Translation: “against him”; Notes: Refers to His people collectively.
- וַיַּכֵּהוּ (va-yakkehu) – Root: נכה (nakah); Form: Hifil wayyiqtol 3rd person masculine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix; Translation: “and He struck him”; Notes: Refers to God’s judgment.
- וַיִּרְגְּזוּ (va-yirgzu) – Root: רגז (ragaz); Form: Qal wayyiqtol 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “and they trembled”; Notes: Describes the reaction of the mountains.
- הֶהָרִים (he-harim) – Root: הר (har); Form: Noun masculine plural with definite article; Translation: “the mountains”; Notes: Emphasizes cosmic disturbance.
- וַתְּהִי (va-tehi) – Root: היה (hayah); Form: Qal wayyiqtol 3rd person feminine singular; Translation: “and there was” or “and became”; Notes: Introduces resulting condition.
- נִבְלָתָם (nivlatam) – Root: נבל (naval); Form: Noun feminine singular with 3rd person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “their corpses”; Notes: Sign of mass death or judgment.
- כַּסּוּחָה (ka-susuḥah) – Root: סוח (suḥ); Form: Noun feminine singular with comparative prefix כְּ; Translation: “like refuse” or “like swept-off”; Notes: Refers to trampled or swept-away debris.
- בְּקֶרֶב (be-qerev) – Root: קרב (qerev); Form: Preposition + noun masculine singular; Translation: “in the midst of”; Notes: Spatial reference.
- חוּצֹות (ḥutsot) – Root: חוץ (ḥuts); Form: Noun feminine plural; Translation: “streets”; Notes: Public spaces where bodies lay exposed.
- בְּכָל־זֹאת (be-khol-zot) – Root: כל (kol), זאת (zot); Form: Preposition + construct phrase; Translation: “for all this”; Notes: Introduces the astonishing continuation of wrath.
- לֹא־שָׁב (lo-shav) – Root: שׁוב (shuv); Form: Negative particle + Qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “is not turned back”; Notes: God’s wrath has not yet ceased.
- אַפּוֹ (appo) – Root: אף (ʾaf); Form: Noun masculine singular with 3rd person masculine singular suffix; Translation: “His anger”; Notes: Personified anger of YHWH.
- וְעוֹד (ve-ʿod) – Root: עוד (ʿod); Form: Conjunction + adverb; Translation: “and still”; Notes: Emphasizes continuation.
- יָדוֹ (yado) – Root: יד (yad); Form: Noun feminine singular with 3rd person masculine singular suffix; Translation: “His hand”; Notes: Repetition of the image of divine power.
- נְטוּיָה (netuyah) – Root: נטה (natah); Form: Qal passive participle feminine singular; Translation: “stretched out”; Notes: Concludes with the ominous note that judgment is ongoing.