כִּ֣י כֶ֜רֶם יְהוָ֤ה צְבָאֹות֙ בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְאִ֣ישׁ יְהוּדָ֔ה נְטַ֖ע שַׁעֲשׁוּעָ֑יו וַיְקַ֤ו לְמִשְׁפָּט֙ וְהִנֵּ֣ה מִשְׂפָּ֔ח לִצְדָקָ֖ה וְהִנֵּ֥ה צְעָקָֽה׃ ס
For the vineyard of YHWH of Hosts is the house of Yisraʾel, and the man of Yehuda is His delightful planting; and He hoped for justice, but behold, bloodshed; for righteousness, but behold, a cry.
Morphology
- כִּי (ki) – Root: כי (ki); Form: Conjunction; Translation: “For”; Notes: Introduces the reason or explanation.
- כֶרֶם (kerem) – Root: כרם (kerem); Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “vineyard”; Notes: Symbolic representation of Yisraʾel.
- יְהוָה (YHWH) – Root: —; Form: Proper name of the God of Yisraʾel; Translation: “YHWH”; Notes: The Tetragrammaton, sacred Name of God.
- צְבָאֹות (tsevaʾot) – Root: צבא (tsava); Form: Noun feminine plural in construct; Translation: “of Hosts”; Notes: Military imagery referring to heavenly armies.
- בֵּית (beit) – Root: בית (bayit); Form: Noun masculine singular in construct; Translation: “house of”; Notes: Refers to the collective people or lineage.
- יִשְׂרָאֵל (Yisraʾel) – Root: —; Form: Proper noun masculine singular; Translation: “Yisraʾel”; Notes: The northern kingdom or the people as a whole.
- וְאִישׁ (veʾish) – Root: אישׁ (ʾish); Form: Conjunction + noun masculine singular; Translation: “and man”; Notes: Parallel structure emphasizing both kingdoms.
- יְהוּדָה (Yehudah) – Root: —; Form: Proper noun masculine singular; Translation: “Yehudah”; Notes: Refers to the southern kingdom.
- נְטַע (netaʿ) – Root: נטע (nataʿ); Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “planting”; Notes: Symbolic of intentional cultivation by YHWH.
- שַׁעֲשׁוּעָיו (shaʿashuʿav) – Root: שעשׁע (shaʿaʿ); Form: Noun masculine plural with 3rd person masculine singular suffix; Translation: “His delights” or “His delightful one”; Notes: Term of endearment, showing care and affection.
- וַיְקַו (va-yeqav) – Root: קוה (qavah); Form: Qal wayyiqtol 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “and He hoped”; Notes: Expresses anticipation or desire for an outcome.
- לְמִשְׁפָּט (le-mishpat) – Root: שׁפט (shafat); Form: Noun masculine singular with preposition לְ; Translation: “for justice”; Notes: Expected social righteousness or judgment.
- וְהִנֵּה (ve-hinneh) – Root: הנה (hinneh); Form: Interjection with conjunction; Translation: “but behold”; Notes: Introduces unexpected or contrasting result.
- מִשְׂפָּח (mispach) – Root: שׂפח (safach); Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “bloodshed”; Notes: Wordplay contrasting with mishpat (justice).
- לִצְדָקָה (li-tsedaqah) – Root: צדק (tsadaq); Form: Noun feminine singular with preposition לְ; Translation: “for righteousness”; Notes: Desired moral uprightness or virtue.
- וְהִנֵּה (ve-hinneh) – Root: הנה (hinneh); Form: Interjection with conjunction; Translation: “but behold”; Notes: Repetition heightens the dramatic reversal.
- צְעָקָה (tseʿaqah) – Root: צעק (tsaʿaq); Form: Noun feminine singular; Translation: “a cry”; Notes: A cry of distress or injustice, opposing righteousness.