כֹּ֤ה אָמַר֙ יְהוָ֣ה צְבָאֹ֔ות הִנֵּ֥ה רָעָ֛ה יֹצֵ֖את מִגֹּ֣וי אֶל־גֹּ֑וי וְסַ֣עַר גָּדֹ֔ול יֵעֹ֖ור מִיַּרְכְּתֵי־אָֽרֶץ׃
Thus said YHWH of Hosts: “Behold, evil is going forth from nation to nation, and a great tempest is stirred up from the farthest parts of the earth.
Morphology
- כֹּה (koh) – Root: Demonstrative particle; Form: Adverb; Translation: “Thus”; Notes: Introduces direct prophetic speech.
- אָמַר (ʾamar) – Root: אמר (ʾamar); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “said”; Notes: Regular verb of speaking in divine declarations.
- יְהוָה (YHWH) – Root: Divine name; Form: Proper noun; Translation: “YHWH”; Notes: The personal name of the God of Yisraʾel.
- צְבָאֹות (tsevaʾot) – Root: צבא (tsava); Form: Plural in construct; Translation: “of armies”; Notes: Title expressing YHWH’s military authority over heavenly and earthly hosts.
- הִנֵּה (hinneh) – Root: הנה; Form: Interjection; Translation: “Behold”; Notes: Draws attention to what follows.
- רָעָה (raʿah) – Root: רעע (raʿaʿ); Form: Noun feminine singular; Translation: “evil” or “disaster”; Notes: Refers to divine judgment or calamity.
- יֹצֵאת (yotset) – Root: יצא (yatza); Form: Qal participle feminine singular; Translation: “is going forth”; Notes: Describes ongoing movement of evil.
- מִגֹּוי (mi-goy) – Root: גוי (goy); Form: Preposition + noun masculine singular; Translation: “from nation”; Notes: Indicates source of movement.
- אֶל־גֹּוי (el-goy) – Root: גוי (goy); Form: Preposition + noun masculine singular; Translation: “to nation”; Notes: Indicates spread across multiple nations.
- וְסַעַר (ve-saʿar) – Root: סער (saʿar); Form: Noun masculine singular with conjunction; Translation: “and a tempest”; Notes: Often used metaphorically for divine wrath.
- גָּדֹול (gadol) – Root: גדל (gadal); Form: Adjective masculine singular; Translation: “great”; Notes: Intensifies the storm’s magnitude.
- יֵעֹור (yeʿor) – Root: עור (ʿur); Form: Nifal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “is stirred up” or “is awakened”; Notes: Passive/reflective sense of agitation.
- מִיַּרְכְּתֵי־אָרֶץ (mi-yarketei-aretz) – Root: ירך (yarek); Form: Preposition + dual construct noun + definite noun; Translation: “from the farthest parts of the earth”; Notes: Describes the extremities or ends of the inhabited world.