לְמֹואָ֡ב כֹּֽה־אָמַר֩ יְהוָ֨ה צְבָאֹ֜ות אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל הֹ֤וי אֶל־נְבֹו֙ כִּ֣י שֻׁדָּ֔דָה הֹבִ֥ישָׁה נִלְכְּדָ֖ה קִרְיָתָ֑יִם הֹבִ֥ישָׁה הַמִּשְׂגָּ֖ב וָחָֽתָּה׃
Concerning Moʾav, thus says YHWH of Hosts, the God of Yisraʾel: “Woe to Nevo, for it is laid waste; Qiryatayim is put to shame, it is captured; the stronghold is put to shame and shattered.
Morphology
- לְמֹואָב (le-Moʾav) – Root: Proper noun; Form: Preposition + proper name; Translation: “concerning Moʾav”; Notes: Introduces the oracle against Moab.
- כֹּה (koh) – Root: Particle; Form: Demonstrative adverb; Translation: “thus”; Notes: Prophetic speech formula.
- אָמַר (ʾamar) – Root: אמר; Form: Qal perfect 3ms; Translation: “says”; Notes: Standard prophetic declaration.
- יְהוָה (YHWH) – Root: Divine name; Form: Proper noun; Translation: “YHWH”; Notes: Covenant name of Israel’s God.
- צְבָאֹות (tsevaʾot) – Root: צבא; Form: Noun masculine plural construct; Translation: “of hosts”; Notes: Emphasizes YHWH’s sovereignty over heavenly armies.
- אֱלֹהֵי (ʾelohei) – Root: אלה; Form: Plural noun construct; Translation: “God of”; Notes: In construct with Yisraʾel.
- יִשְׂרָאֵל (Yisraʾel) – Root: Proper noun; Form: Proper name; Translation: “Yisraʾel”; Notes: Designates the covenant people of God.
- הֹוי (hoi) – Root: Interjection; Form: Exclamatory particle; Translation: “woe!”; Notes: Expression of lamentation or warning.
- אֶל־נְבֹו (el-Nevo) – Root: Proper noun; Form: Preposition + proper place name; Translation: “to Nevo”; Notes: A city of Moab.
- כִּי (ki) – Root: כי; Form: Conjunction; Translation: “for”; Notes: Introduces reason for lament.
- שֻׁדָּדָה (shuddadah) – Root: שׁדד; Form: Pual perfect 3fs; Translation: “it is laid waste”; Notes: Describes devastation of Nevo.
- הֹבִישָׁה (hovishah) – Root: בושׁ; Form: Hifil perfect 3fs; Translation: “is put to shame”; Notes: Symbol of disgrace and defeat.
- נִלְכְּדָה (nilkedah) – Root: לכד; Form: Niphal perfect 3fs; Translation: “is captured”; Notes: Refers to conquest of Qiryatayim.
- קִרְיָתָיִם (Qiryatayim) – Root: קריה; Form: Proper place name (dual form); Translation: “Qiryatayim”; Notes: Moabite city, possibly “double city.”
- הֹבִישָׁה (hovishah) – Root: בושׁ; Form: Hifil perfect 3fs (repeated); Translation: “is put to shame”; Notes: Repetition heightens the shame motif.
- הַמִּשְׂגָּב (ha-misgav) – Root: שׂגב; Form: Definite noun masculine singular; Translation: “the stronghold”; Notes: Fortified refuge, here humiliated.
- וָחָתָּה (va-ḥattah) – Root: חתת; Form: Qal perfect 3fs with vav; Translation: “and is shattered / dismayed”; Notes: Denotes breaking down in fear or destruction.