הֹבִ֕שׁוּ כִּ֥י תֹועֵבָ֖ה עָשׂ֑וּ גַּם־בֹּ֣ושׁ לֹֽא־יֵבֹ֗שׁוּ וְהִכָּלֵם֙ לֹ֣א יָדָ֔עוּ לָכֵ֞ן יִפְּל֣וּ בַנֹּפְלִ֗ים בְּעֵ֧ת פְּקֻדָּתָ֛ם יִכָּשְׁל֖וּ אָמַ֥ר יְהוָֽה׃ ס
“They are put to shame, for they have done abomination; yet they do not feel shame at all, nor do they know how to blush. Therefore they shall fall among the fallen; at the time of their visitation they shall stumble,” says YHWH.
Morphology
- הֹבִשׁוּ (hovishu) – Root: בושׁ (bosh); Form: Hiphil perfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “They are put to shame”; Notes: Causative—indicates exposure and disgrace as divine judgment.
- כִּי (ki) – Root: —; Form: Conjunction; Translation: “for”; Notes: Explains the reason for their disgrace.
- תֹועֵבָה (toʿevah) – Root: תעב (taʿav); Form: Noun feminine singular; Translation: “abomination”; Notes: Refers to repulsive or idolatrous acts that provoke YHWH.
- עָשׂוּ (ʿasu) – Root: עשה (ʿasah); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “they have done”; Notes: Refers to their active participation in evil deeds.
- גַּם־בֹּושׁ (gam-bosh) – Root: בושׁ (bosh); Form: Adverb + verb Qal; Translation: “even shame”; Notes: “Gam” adds emphasis—“even in shame…”
- לֹא־יֵבֹשׁוּ (lo-yevoshu) – Root: בושׁ (bosh); Form: Qal imperfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “they shall not be ashamed”; Notes: Ongoing lack of shame or moral sensitivity.
- וְהִכָּלֵם (ve-hikkalem) – Root: כלם (kalam); Form: Nifal infinitive absolute or perfect (depending on context); Translation: “and to be humiliated” or “and they were humiliated”; Notes: Reflexive or passive—loss of honor.
- לֹא (lo) – Root: לא (lo); Form: Negative particle; Translation: “not”; Notes: Negates “they knew.”
- יָדָעוּ (yadaʿu) – Root: ידע (yadaʿ); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “they knew”; Notes: Suggests ignorance of proper shame or moral consciousness.
- לָכֵן (lakhen) – Root: כן (ken); Form: Adverb/conjunction; Translation: “therefore”; Notes: Marks consequence of their moral failure.
- יִפְּלוּ (yippelu) – Root: נפל (nafal); Form: Qal imperfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “they shall fall”; Notes: Prophetic future judgment.
- בַנֹּפְלִים (ba-nofelim) – Root: נפל (nafal); Form: Preposition + Qal participle masculine plural; Translation: “among the fallen”; Notes: Refers to being swept away with others in judgment.
- בְּעֵת (be-ʿet) – Root: עת (ʿet); Form: Preposition + noun feminine singular; Translation: “at the time of”; Notes: Specifies moment of divine action.
- פְּקֻדָּתָם (pequddatam) – Root: פקד (paqad); Form: Noun feminine singular + 3rd person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “their visitation”; Notes: Refers to time of reckoning or punishment.
- יִכָּשְׁלוּ (yikkashelu) – Root: כשׁל (kashal); Form: Nifal imperfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “they shall stumble”; Notes: Passive judgment—collapse or defeat.
- אָמַר (ʾamar) – Root: אמר (ʾamar); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “has said”; Notes: Concludes the verse with divine authority.
- יְהוָה (YHWH) – Root: הוה (hvh); Form: Proper noun; Translation: “YHWH”; Notes: The speaker of judgment; covenant name of Israel’s God.