וְאִ֣ישׁ אֶת־רָעַ֣ת רֵעֵ֗הוּ אַֽל־תַּחְשְׁבוּ֙ בִּלְבַבְכֶ֔ם וּשְׁבֻ֥עַת שֶׁ֖קֶר אַֽל־תֶּאֱהָ֑בוּ כִּ֧י אֶת־כָּל־אֵ֛לֶּה אֲשֶׁ֥ר שָׂנֵ֖אתִי נְאֻם־יְהוָֽה׃ ס
And each, the evil of his fellow do not plan in your heart, and a false oath do not love, for all these are what I have hated,’ declares YHWH.”
Morphology
- וְאִישׁ (ve-ʾish) – Root: אנשׁ (ʾenosh); Form: Conjunction וְ + noun masculine singular; Translation: “and each”; Notes: Distributive opening applying the command individually.
- אֶת־ (ʾet) – Root: —; Form: Direct object marker; Translation: —; Notes: Marks the definite object.
- רָעַת (raʿat) – Root: רעע (raʿaʿ); Form: Noun feminine singular construct; Translation: “the evil of”; Notes: Harmful intent or wrongdoing.
- רֵעֵהוּ (reʿehu) – Root: רעע (raʿaʿ); Form: Noun masculine singular construct + suffix 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “his fellow”; Notes: Member of the same community.
- אַל־ (ʾal) – Root: —; Form: Negative particle; Translation: “do not”; Notes: Used with jussive or imperfect to express prohibition.
- תַּחְשְׁבוּ (taḥshevu) – Root: חשב (ḥashav); Form: Qal imperfect 2nd person masculine plural (jussive); Translation: “plan”; Notes: Refers to intentional mental plotting.
- בִּלְבַבְכֶם (bilvavkhem) – Root: לבב (levav); Form: Preposition בְּ + noun masculine singular construct + suffix 2nd person masculine plural; Translation: “in your heart”; Notes: Inner thought and intention.
- וּשְׁבֻעַת (u-shevuʿat) – Root: שׁבע (shavaʿ); Form: Conjunction וְ + noun feminine singular construct; Translation: “and an oath of”; Notes: Introduces a second prohibited action.
- שֶׁקֶר (sheqer) – Root: שׁקר (shaqar); Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “falsehood”; Notes: Deception and untruth.
- אַל־ (ʾal) – Root: —; Form: Negative particle; Translation: “do not”; Notes: Repeated for emphasis.
- תֶּאֱהָבוּ (teʾehavu) – Root: אהב (ʾahav); Form: Qal imperfect 2nd person masculine plural (jussive); Translation: “love”; Notes: Refers to valuing or embracing a practice.
- כִּי (ki) – Root: —; Form: Conjunction; Translation: “for”; Notes: Provides the divine rationale.
- אֶת־ (ʾet) – Root: —; Form: Direct object marker; Translation: —; Notes: Marks the definite object.
- כָּל־ (kol) – Root: כלל (kalal); Form: Noun masculine singular construct; Translation: “all”; Notes: Totality of the listed actions.
- אֵלֶּה (ʾelleh) – Root: —; Form: Demonstrative masculine plural; Translation: “these”; Notes: Refers back to the prohibitions.
- אֲשֶׁר (ʾasher) – Root: —; Form: Relative particle; Translation: “which”; Notes: Introduces the relative clause.
- שָׂנֵאתִי (saneʾti) – Root: שׂנא (saneʾ); Form: Qal perfect 1st person common singular; Translation: “I have hated”; Notes: Expresses firm divine rejection.
- נְאֻם־ (neʾum) – Root: נאם (naʾam); Form: Noun masculine singular construct; Translation: “utterance of”; Notes: Formal prophetic authentication.
- יְהוָה (YHWH) – Root: הוה (havah); Form: Proper name; Translation: “YHWH”; Notes: The covenant speaker.