עַל־הֶֽהָרִים֙ לֹ֣א אָכָ֔ל וְעֵינָיו֙ לֹ֣א נָשָׂ֔א אֶל־גִּלּוּלֵ֖י בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל אֶת־אֵ֥שֶׁת רֵעֵ֖הוּ לֹ֥א טִמֵּֽא׃
On the mountains he has not eaten, and his eyes he has not lifted to the idols of the house of Yisraʾel, the wife of his neighbor he has not defiled.
Morphology
- עַל־ (ʿal) – Root: על; Form: Preposition; Translation: “on / upon”; Notes: Introduces location, here “on the mountains.”
- הֶהָרִים (he-harim) – Root: הר; Form: Noun masculine plural with definite article; Translation: “the mountains”; Notes: Refers to high places used for idolatrous worship.
- לֹא (lo) – Root: לא; Form: Negative particle; Translation: “not”; Notes: Negates the verb “he ate.”
- אָכַל (akhal) – Root: אכל; Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “he ate”; Notes: Refers to eating sacrificial meals associated with idolatry.
- וְעֵינָיו (ve-ʿeinav) – Root: עין; Form: Conjunction + noun feminine dual with 3rd person masculine singular suffix; Translation: “and his eyes”; Notes: Subject of the following verb “he lifted.”
- לֹא (lo) – Root: לא; Form: Negative particle; Translation: “not”; Notes: Negates the verb “he lifted.”
- נָשָׂא (nasaʾ) – Root: נשׂא; Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “he lifted”; Notes: Idiomatic expression “to lift eyes,” meaning to direct worship or desire.
- אֶל־ (el) – Root: אל; Form: Preposition; Translation: “to”; Notes: Introduces the object of devotion.
- גִּלּוּלֵי (gillulei) – Root: גלל; Form: Noun masculine plural construct; Translation: “idols of”; Notes: Derogatory term for idols, literally “dung-things.”
- בֵּית (beit) – Root: בית; Form: Noun masculine singular construct; Translation: “house of”; Notes: Construct chain with “Yisraʾel.”
- יִשְׂרָאֵל (Yisraʾel) – Root: ישראל; Form: Proper noun; Translation: “Yisraʾel”; Notes: Refers to the covenant people.
- אֶת־ (et) – Root: את; Form: Direct object marker; Translation: [not translated]; Notes: Introduces the definite object “the wife.”
- אֵשֶׁת (eshet) – Root: אשׁה; Form: Noun feminine singular construct; Translation: “wife of”; Notes: Construct with “his neighbor.”
- רֵעֵהוּ (reʿehu) – Root: רע; Form: Noun masculine singular construct + 3rd person masculine singular suffix; Translation: “his neighbor”; Notes: Specifies the woman as another man’s wife.
- לֹא (lo) – Root: לא; Form: Negative particle; Translation: “not”; Notes: Negates the verb “he defiled.”
- טִמֵּא (timmeʾ) – Root: טמא; Form: Piel perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “he defiled”; Notes: Refers to sexual defilement, i.e., adultery.