וַאדֹנָ֨י יְהוִ֜ה הַצְּבָא֗וֹת הַנּוֹגֵ֤עַ בָּאָ֨רֶץ֙ וַתָּמ֔וֹג וְאָבְל֖וּ כָּל־י֣וֹשְׁבֵי בָ֑הּ וְעָלְתָ֤ה כַיְאֹר֙ כֻּלָּ֔הּ וְשָׁקְעָ֖ה כִּיאֹ֥ר מִצְרָֽיִם׃
And the Lord YHWH of Hosts, who touches the earth and it melts, and all who dwell in it mourn, and it rises like the River, all of it, and it sinks like the River of Mitsrayim.
Morphology
- וַאדֹנָ֨י (va-ʾAdonay) – Root: אדן (ʾadon); Form: Conjunction וְ + divine title masculine singular; Translation: “And Lord”; Notes: The conjunctive ו joins ʾAdonay to the following divine name, presenting the full title as the subject.
- יְהוִ֜ה (YHWH) – Root: יהה / הוה (yhwh-related); Form: Proper divine name; Translation: “YHWH”; Notes: The Tetragrammaton is preserved as “YHWH” according to your convention, in apposition to ʾAdonay.
- הַצְּבָא֗וֹת (ha-tsevaʾot) – Root: צבא (tsavaʾ); Form: Definite noun feminine plural; Translation: “the hosts”; Notes: Part of the title “YHWH of hosts,” referring to heavenly/earthly armies under divine command.
- הַנּוֹגֵ֤עַ (ha-nnogeʿa) – Root: נגע (nagaʿ); Form: Definite Qal participle masculine singular; Translation: “who touches”; Notes: Participle used substantivally, characterizing YHWH by continual action.
- בָּאָ֨רֶץ֙ (ba-ʾarets) – Root: ארץ (ʾerets); Form: Preposition בְּ + definite noun feminine singular; Translation: “the earth”; Notes: The prefixed ב marks the sphere upon which YHWH’s touch falls.
- וַתָּמ֔וֹג (va-tamog) – Root: מוג (mug); Form: Conjunction וַ + Qal wayyiqtol (narrative past) 3rd person feminine singular; Translation: “and it melts”; Notes: Feminine subject is the earth; the wayyiqtol (narrative past) continues the vivid description of the earth’s response.
- וְאָבְל֖וּ (ve-ʾavlu) – Root: אבל (ʾaval); Form: Conjunction וְ + Qal perfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “and they mourned”; Notes: Describes the reaction of the inhabitants; the perfect presents their mourning as a resultant state.
- כָּל־ (kol-) – Root: כלל (kalal); Form: Noun masculine singular in construct with maqqef; Translation: “all of”; Notes: Functions as a quantifier governing the following participial phrase “those dwelling.”
- י֣וֹשְׁבֵי (yoshevei) – Root: ישׁב (yashav); Form: Qal participle masculine plural construct; Translation: “those dwelling”; Notes: Substantival participle indicating ongoing habitation; in construct with the implicit land indicated by “in her.”
- בָ֑הּ (bah) – Root: היא (hiʾ); Form: Preposition בְּ + pronominal suffix 3rd person feminine singular; Translation: “in her”; Notes: Refers back to the earth/land, conceived as feminine.
- וְעָלְתָ֤ה (ve-ʿaltah) – Root: עלה (ʿalah); Form: Conjunction וְ + Qal perfect 3rd person feminine singular; Translation: “and she rises”; Notes: Feminine subject again is the land; perfect form presents her rising (surging) as a complete or characteristic event.
- כַיְאֹר֙ (ka-yeʾor) – Root: יאור (yeʾor); Form: Preposition כְּ + noun masculine singular; Translation: “like the Nile”; Notes: Simile comparing the land’s upheaval to the swelling of the Nile.
- כֻּלָּ֔הּ (kullah) – Root: כלל (kalal); Form: Noun/adverbial “all” with dagesh of emphasis + pronominal suffix 3rd person feminine singular; Translation: “all of her”; Notes: Emphasizes that the entire land, not merely a part, participates in the rising.
- וְשָׁקְעָ֖ה (ve-shaqʿah) – Root: שׁקע (shaqaʿ); Form: Conjunction וְ + Qal perfect 3rd person feminine singular; Translation: “and she sinks”; Notes: Completes the flood-cycle imagery; the land not only surges but also subsides.
- כִּיאֹ֥ר (ki-yeʾor) – Root: יאור (yeʾor); Form: Preposition כְּ (assimilated in spelling) + noun masculine singular; Translation: “like the Nile”; Notes: Repetition of the Nile simile reinforces the pattern of swelling and sinking typical of the river.
- מִצְרָֽיִם׃ (Mitsrayim) – Root: מצר (metsar, proposed); Form: Proper place name; Translation: “Mitsrayim”; Notes: Kept in scholarly transliteration; “the Nile of Mitsrayim” anchors the cosmic flood imagery in a concrete geographical context.