יַ֗עַן הֱיֹ֤ות לְךָ֙ אֵיבַ֣ת עֹולָ֔ם וַתַּגֵּ֥ר אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל עַל־יְדֵי־חָ֑רֶב בְּעֵ֣ת אֵידָ֔ם בְּעֵ֖ת עֲוֹ֥ן קֵֽץ׃
Because you have had an everlasting enmity and delivered up the sons of Yisraʾel to the power of the sword at the time of their calamity, at the time of the iniquity of the end,
Morphology
- יַעַן (yaʿan) – Root: יען (yaʿan); Form: Preposition; Translation: “because”; Notes: Introduces a causal clause explaining the reason for divine judgment.
- הֱיֹות (heyot) – Root: היה (hayah); Form: Infinitive construct; Translation: “being”; Notes: Functions here substantively—“because there has been.” Indicates a continuing state.
- לְךָ (lekha) – Root: ל (lamed); Form: Preposition לְ + suffix 2nd person masculine singular; Translation: “for you” or “to you”; Notes: Refers to Edom (Mount Seʿir) as the addressed subject possessing enmity.
- אֵיבַת (ʾevat) – Root: איבה (ʾevah); Form: Noun feminine singular construct; Translation: “enmity of”; Notes: Denotes hostility or hatred, often used in contexts of perpetual opposition.
- עֹולָם (ʿolam) – Root: עלם (ʿalam); Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “everlasting”; Notes: Describes the enduring, ancient nature of Edom’s hatred toward Yisraʾel.
- וַתַּגֵּר (va-tagér) – Root: גור (garar or gor); Form: Conjunction וַ + Piel imperfect 2nd person masculine singular (converted to past); Translation: “and you delivered up” or “and you gave over”; Notes: Describes Edom’s act of betrayal in handing Yisraʾel to its enemies.
- אֶת (ʾet) – Root: את (ʾet); Form: Direct object marker; Translation: [no direct translation]; Notes: Marks the following noun as the direct object of the verb.
- בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל (bene-Yisraʾel) – Root: בן (ben); Form: Construct chain: noun masculine plural construct + proper noun masculine singular; Translation: “the sons of Yisraʾel”; Notes: Refers to the covenant people collectively, the nation descended from Yaʿaqov (Yisraʾel).
- עַל־יְדֵי (ʿal-yedei) – Root: יד (yad); Form: Preposition עַל + noun feminine dual construct; Translation: “into the hand of” or “to the power of”; Notes: Indicates agency or instrument—Edom handed Yisraʾel over to the sword’s power.
- חָרֶב (ḥerev) – Root: חרב (ḥerev); Form: Noun feminine singular; Translation: “sword”; Notes: Symbol of violence and warfare, often representing divine or human judgment.
- בְּעֵת (be-ʿet) – Root: עת (ʿet); Form: Preposition בְּ + noun feminine singular; Translation: “in the time of”; Notes: Indicates the specific temporal setting of the event—during Yisraʾel’s downfall.
- אֵידָם (ʾedam) – Root: איד (ʾed); Form: Noun masculine singular + suffix 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “their calamity”; Notes: Refers to Yisraʾel’s time of disaster and suffering, which Edom exploited.
- בְּעֵת (be-ʿet) – Root: עת (ʿet); Form: Preposition בְּ + noun feminine singular; Translation: “at the time of”; Notes: Repetition emphasizes the timing of Edom’s betrayal during Yisraʾel’s darkest moment.
- עֲוֹן (ʿavon) – Root: עון (ʿavon); Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “iniquity”; Notes: Refers to sin or guilt—here denoting the culmination of judgment.
- קֵץ (qets) – Root: קץ (qets); Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “end”; Notes: Indicates the appointed final stage of divine retribution or prophetic fulfillment.