לָכֵ֞ן כֹּֽה־אָמַ֣ר אֲדֹנָ֣י יְהוִ֗ה יַ֤עַן הֲמָנְכֶם֙ מִן־הַגֹּויִם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר סְבִיבֹֽותֵיכֶ֔ם בְּחֻקֹּותַי֙ לֹ֣א הֲלַכְתֶּ֔ם וְאֶת־מִשְׁפָּטַ֖י לֹ֣א עֲשִׂיתֶ֑ם וּֽכְמִשְׁפְּטֵ֧י הַגֹּויִ֛ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר סְבִיבֹותֵיכֶ֖ם לֹ֥א עֲשִׂיתֶֽם׃ ס
Therefore thus says the Lord YHWH: ‘Because you are more turbulent than the nations that are around you, in my statutes you have not walked, and my judgments you have not done, and according to the judgments of the nations that are around you, you have not done.’
Morphology
- לָכֵן (lakhen) – Root: כן; Form: Adverb/conjunction; Translation: “therefore”; Notes: Introduces a consequence or judgment.
- כֹּה־אָמַר (koh-amar) – Root: אמר; Form: Adverb + Qal perfect 3ms; Translation: “thus says”; Notes: Prophetic declaration formula.
- אֲדֹנָי (ʾadonai) – Root: אדן; Form: Noun masculine plural of majesty; Translation: “Lord”; Notes: Emphasizes divine sovereignty.
- יְהוִה (YHWH) – Root: הוה; Form: Proper noun; Translation: “YHWH”; Notes: Divine name of Israel’s covenant God.
- יַעַן (yaʿan) – Root: ען; Form: Preposition/conjunction; Translation: “because”; Notes: Introduces reason for judgment.
- הֲמָנְכֶם (hamonkhem) – Root: הָמוֹן (“tumult, tumultuousness”); Form: Noun masculine singular construct + 2mp suffix; Translation: “your tumult / turbulence”; Notes: Suggests exceeding the nations in corruption.
- מִן־הַגֹּויִם (min-ha-goyim) – Root: גוי; Form: Preposition + definite noun masculine plural; Translation: “than the nations”; Notes: Comparative construction.
- אֲשֶׁר (ʾasher) – Root: אשר; Form: Relative particle; Translation: “that/which”; Notes: Introduces a relative clause.
- סְבִיבֹותֵיכֶם (sevivoteikhem) – Root: סבב; Form: Noun feminine plural + 2mp suffix; Translation: “around you”; Notes: Refers to surrounding nations.
- בְּחֻקֹּותַי (be-ḥuqqotai) – Root: חקק; Form: Preposition + noun feminine plural construct + 1cs suffix; Translation: “in my statutes”; Notes: Laws or decrees established by YHWH.
- לֹא (lo) – Root: לא; Form: Negative particle; Translation: “not”; Notes: Negates the following verb.
- הֲלַכְתֶּם (halakhtem) – Root: הלך; Form: Qal perfect 2mp; Translation: “you walked”; Notes: Idiomatically means “to live according to.”
- וְאֶת־מִשְׁפָּטַי (ve-et-mishpatai) – Root: שׁפט; Form: Conjunction + direct object marker + noun masculine plural construct + 1cs suffix; Translation: “and my judgments”; Notes: Legal rulings of YHWH.
- לֹא (lo) – Root: לא; Form: Negative particle; Translation: “not.”
- עֲשִׂיתֶם (ʿasitem) – Root: עשׂה; Form: Qal perfect 2mp; Translation: “you have done”; Notes: Refers to failure to obey YHWH’s commands.
- וּכְמִשְׁפְּטֵי (u-kemishpetei) – Root: שׁפט; Form: Conjunction + preposition + noun masculine plural construct; Translation: “and according to the judgments of”; Notes: Comparison with the practices of nations.
- הַגֹּויִם (ha-goyim) – Root: גוי; Form: Definite noun masculine plural; Translation: “the nations”; Notes: Foreign peoples around Israel.
- אֲשֶׁר (ʾasher) – Root: אשר; Form: Relative particle; Translation: “that/which.”
- סְבִיבֹותֵיכֶם (sevivoteikhem) – Root: סבב; Form: Noun feminine plural + 2mp suffix (repeated); Translation: “around you.”
- לֹא (lo) – Root: לא; Form: Negative particle; Translation: “not.”
- עֲשִׂיתֶם (ʿasitem) – Root: עשׂה; Form: Qal perfect 2mp (repeated); Translation: “you have done”; Notes: The people have failed both YHWH’s law and even the standards of the nations.