לָ֠כֵן כֹּֽה־אָמַ֨ר יְהוָ֜ה אֱלֹהֵ֤י צְבָאֹות֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל הִנְנִ֧י מֵבִ֣יא אֶל־יְהוּדָ֗ה וְאֶ֤ל כָּל־יֹֽושְׁבֵי֙ יְר֣וּשָׁלִַ֔ם אֵ֚ת כָּל־הָ֣רָעָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר דִּבַּ֖רְתִּי עֲלֵיהֶ֑ם יַ֣עַן דִּבַּ֤רְתִּי אֲלֵיהֶם֙ וְלֹ֣א שָׁמֵ֔עוּ וָאֶקְרָ֥א לָהֶ֖ם וְלֹ֥א עָנֽוּ׃
“Therefore thus said YHWH, God of Hosts, God of Yisraʾel: ‘Behold, I am bringing upon Yehuda and upon all the inhabitants of Yerushalayim all the evil that I have spoken against them, because I spoke to them and they did not listen, and I called to them and they did not answer.’”
Morphology
- לָכֵן (lakhen) – Root: כן; Form: Adverb; Translation: “Therefore”; Notes: Introduces a logical consequence or divine judgment.
- כֹּה (koh) – Root: כה; Form: Demonstrative adverb; Translation: “thus”; Notes: Marks the beginning of a divine pronouncement.
- אָמַר (ʾamar) – Root: אמר; Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “said”; Notes: Introduces the speech of YHWH.
- יְהוָה (YHWH) – Root: הוה; Form: Proper noun; Translation: “YHWH”; Notes: The covenant name of God.
- אֱלֹהֵי (ʾelohei) – Root: אלה; Form: Construct form masculine plural with 1st person singular suffix; Translation: “God of”; Notes: Construct chain with the following noun.
- צְבָאֹות (tsevaʾot) – Root: צבא; Form: Noun, masculine plural (irregular); Translation: “hosts”; Notes: Refers to heavenly armies.
- אֱלֹהֵי (ʾelohei) – Root: אלה; Form: Construct form masculine plural; Translation: “God of”; Notes: Repeated for emphasis, now in construct with Yisraʾel.
- יִשְׂרָאֵל (Yisraʾel) – Root: שׂרה + אל; Form: Proper noun, masculine singular; Translation: “Yisraʾel”; Notes: Refers to the people or nation descended from Yaʿaqov.
- הִנְנִי (hineni) – Root: הֵן; Form: Interjection + 1st person singular pronominal suffix; Translation: “Behold, I”; Notes: Emphatic divine self-introduction, often preceding judgment or action.
- מֵבִיא (meviʾ) – Root: בוא; Form: Hiphil participle masculine singular; Translation: “bringing”; Notes: Causative action emphasizing YHWH’s agency in the judgment.
- אֶל־יְהוּדָה (el-Yehudah) – Root: יהד; Form: Preposition + proper noun; Translation: “upon Yehudah”; Notes: Direct object of the divine judgment.
- וְאֶל (ve-el) – Root: אל; Form: Conjunction + preposition; Translation: “and upon”; Notes: Links multiple targets of judgment.
- כָּל־יֹשְׁבֵי (kol-yoshvei) – Root: ישׁב; Form: Construct chain: noun “all” + participle masculine plural construct; Translation: “all the inhabitants of”; Notes: Refers to all those living in the city.
- יְרוּשָׁלִַם (Yerushalayim) – Root: Uncertain; Form: Proper noun, feminine singular; Translation: “Yerushalayim”; Notes: The capital city of Yehudah.
- אֵת (ʾet) – Form: Direct object marker; Translation: [no translation]; Notes: Marks the definite direct object of the verb.
- כָּל־הָרָעָה (kol-ha-raʿah) – Root: רעע; Form: Construct chain: “all” + definite noun feminine singular; Translation: “all the evil”; Notes: The calamity YHWH promised.
- אֲשֶׁר (ʾasher) – Form: Relative particle; Translation: “that”; Notes: Introduces relative clause modifying “evil.”
- דִּבַּרְתִּי (dibbarti) – Root: דבר; Form: Piel perfect 1st person singular; Translation: “I have spoken”; Notes: Emphatic intensive expression of divine communication.
- עֲלֵיהֶם (ʿaleihem) – Root: על; Form: Preposition + 3rd person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “against them”; Notes: Refers to Yehudah and Yerushalayim.
- יַעַן (yaʿan) – Root: ען; Form: Conjunction; Translation: “because”; Notes: Gives the reason for divine judgment.
- דִּבַּרְתִּי (dibbarti) – Root: דבר; Form: Piel perfect 1st person singular; Translation: “I spoke”; Notes: Repetition for emphasis, stressing divine communication.
- אֲלֵיהֶם (ʾaleihem) – Root: אל; Form: Preposition + 3rd person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “to them”; Notes: YHWH directly addressed the people.
- וְלֹא (ve-lo) – Root: לא; Form: Conjunction + negative particle; Translation: “and not”; Notes: Introduces negative response.
- שָׁמֵעוּ (shameʿu) – Root: שׁמע; Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “they listened”; Notes: Refusal to heed YHWH’s word.
- וָאֶקְרָא (va-eqra) – Root: קרא; Form: Qal wayyiqtol 1st person singular; Translation: “and I called”; Notes: Expresses continued divine appeal.
- לָהֶם (lahem) – Root: לְ; Form: Preposition + 3rd person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “to them”; Notes: YHWH is again the subject of the appeal.
- וְלֹא (ve-lo) – Root: לא; Form: Conjunction + negative particle; Translation: “and not”; Notes: Emphasizes rejection of divine call.
- עָנוּ (ʿanu) – Root: ענה; Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “they answered”; Notes: Implies deliberate silence or resistance.