וְיָדְע֣וּ הַ֠גֹּויִם כִּ֣י בַעֲוֹנָ֞ם גָּל֣וּ בֵֽית־יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל עַ֚ל אֲשֶׁ֣ר מָֽעֲלוּ־בִ֔י וָאַסְתִּ֥ר פָּנַ֖י מֵהֶ֑ם וָֽאֶתְּנֵם֙ בְּיַ֣ד צָרֵיהֶ֔ם וַיִּפְּל֥וּ בַחֶ֖רֶב כֻּלָּֽם׃
And the nations shall know that for their iniquity the house of Yisraʾel went into exile, because they dealt treacherously with Me, and I hid My face from them, and I gave them into the hand of their enemies, and they all fell by the sword.
Morphology
- וְיָדְעוּ (ve-yādəʿū) – Root: ידע (yādaʿ); Form: Conjunction וְ + Qal perfect 3mp (prophetic perfect); Translation: “and they shall know”; Notes: Indicates recognition or realization—here referring to the nations understanding YHWH’s justice.
- הַגֹּויִם (ha-gōyim) – Root: גוי (goy); Form: Definite noun masculine plural; Translation: “the nations”; Notes: Refers to the Gentile peoples witnessing YHWH’s dealings with Yisraʾel.
- כִּי (kī) – Root: כי (kī); Form: Conjunction; Translation: “that”; Notes: Introduces the content of the nations’ understanding.
- בַעֲוֹנָם (ba-ʿavonām) – Root: עון (ʿāvon); Form: Preposition בְּ + noun masculine singular construct + suffix 3mp; Translation: “for their iniquity”; Notes: Refers to moral guilt or sin as the cause of exile.
- גָּלוּ (gālū) – Root: גלה (gālah); Form: Qal perfect 3cp; Translation: “they went into exile”; Notes: Describes the deportation of Yisraʾel from their land due to covenantal disobedience.
- בֵית־יִשְׂרָאֵל (bêt-Yisraʾel) – Root: בית (bayit) + שׂרה (śārāh) + אֵל (ʾēl); Form: Construct chain (noun + proper noun); Translation: “the house of Yisraʾel”; Notes: Denotes the covenant people collectively—those exiled for their unfaithfulness.
- עַל (ʿal) – Root: על (ʿal); Form: Preposition; Translation: “because of” / “on account of”; Notes: Introduces the reason for YHWH’s disciplinary action.
- אֲשֶׁר (ʾasher) – Root: —; Form: Relative pronoun; Translation: “because” / “which”; Notes: Introduces the clause specifying Yisraʾel’s guilt.
- מָעֲלוּ־בִי (maʿalū-bī) – Root: מעל (maʿal); Form: Qal perfect 3cp + preposition בְּ + suffix 1cs; Translation: “they dealt treacherously with Me”; Notes: Indicates covenant betrayal—spiritual infidelity against YHWH.
- וָאַסְתִּר (va-ʾastir) – Root: סתר (sātar); Form: Conjunction וְ + Hiphil imperfect 1cs (converted with vav-consecutive); Translation: “and I hid”; Notes: Expresses YHWH’s withdrawal of favor and protection as a consequence of their sin.
- פָּנַי (pānay) – Root: פנה (pānāh); Form: Noun masculine plural (dual) + suffix 1cs; Translation: “My face”; Notes: Symbolizes divine presence and favor—now concealed from Yisraʾel.
- מֵהֶם (mēhem) – Root: הם (hem); Form: Preposition מִן + suffix 3mp; Translation: “from them”; Notes: Marks the separation of divine presence as punishment.
- וָאֶתְּנֵם (va-ʾetnēm) – Root: נתן (nātan); Form: Conjunction וְ + Qal imperfect 1cs with 3mp suffix (wayyiqtol form); Translation: “and I gave them”; Notes: Indicates YHWH’s deliberate act of handing His people over to enemies for judgment.
- בְּיַד (be-yad) – Root: יד (yād); Form: Preposition בְּ + noun feminine singular construct; Translation: “into the hand of”; Notes: Idiom for power or control—submission to hostile rule.
- צָרֵיהֶם (tsarēhem) – Root: צרר (tsārar); Form: Noun masculine plural construct + suffix 3mp; Translation: “their enemies”; Notes: Refers to the hostile nations used by YHWH as instruments of punishment.
- וַיִּפְּלוּ (va-yippəlū) – Root: נפל (nāfal); Form: Conjunction וְ + Qal wayyiqtol 3mp; Translation: “and they fell”; Notes: Depicts the result of divine judgment—defeat and destruction.
- בַּחֶרֶב (ba-ḥerev) – Root: חרב (ḥerev); Form: Preposition בְּ + definite noun feminine singular; Translation: “by the sword”; Notes: Symbol of warfare and divine punishment.
- כֻּלָּם (kullām) – Root: כלל (kālal); Form: Noun masculine singular construct + suffix 3mp; Translation: “all of them”; Notes: Emphasizes the completeness of YHWH’s judgment—none spared.