Author Archives: תּוֹרָה

וַנַּחֲרֵ֣ם אֹותָ֔ם כַּאֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשִׂ֔ינוּ לְסִיחֹ֖ן מֶ֣לֶךְ חֶשְׁבֹּ֑ון הַחֲרֵם֙ כָּל־עִ֣יר מְתִ֔ם הַנָּשִׁ֖ים וְהַטָּֽף׃ And we devoted them to destruction, just as we did to Sīḥon, king of Ḥeshbon, devoting every city—the men, the women, and the little ones.   Morphology וַנַּחֲרֵ֣ם … Continue reading →

כָּל־אֵ֜לֶּה עָרִ֧ים בְּצֻרֹ֛ות חֹומָ֥ה גְבֹהָ֖ה דְּלָתַ֣יִם וּבְרִ֑יחַ לְבַ֛ד מֵעָרֵ֥י הַפְּרָזִ֖י הַרְבֵּ֥ה מְאֹֽד׃ All these cities were fortified with high walls, gates, and bars, apart from the unwalled towns, which were very numerous.   Morphology כָּל־אֵ֜לֶּה (kol-elleh) – Root: כל (kl) … Continue reading →

וַנִּלְכֹּ֤ד אֶת־כָּל־עָרָיו֙ בָּעֵ֣ת הַהִ֔וא לֹ֤א הָֽיְתָה֙ קִרְיָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא־לָקַ֖חְנוּ מֵֽאִתָּ֑ם שִׁשִּׁ֥ים עִיר֙ כָּל־חֶ֣בֶל אַרְגֹּ֔ב מַמְלֶ֥כֶת עֹ֖וג בַּבָּשָֽׁן׃ We captured all his cities at that time; there was not a city we did not take from them—sixty cities, the entire region … Continue reading →

וַיִּתֵּן֩ יְהוָ֨ה אֱלֹהֵ֜ינוּ בְּיָדֵ֗נוּ גַּ֛ם אֶת־עֹ֥וג מֶֽלֶךְ־הַבָּשָׁ֖ן וְאֶת־כָּל־עַמֹּ֑ו וַנַּכֵּ֕הוּ עַד־בִּלְתִּ֥י הִשְׁאִֽיר־לֹ֖ו שָׂרִֽיד׃ So YHWH our God also gave ʿOg, King of the Bashan, and all his people into our hands, and we struck him down until no remnant was left … Continue reading →

וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֤ה אֵלַי֙ אַל־תִּירָ֣א אֹתֹ֔ו כִּ֣י בְיָדְךָ֞ נָתַ֧תִּי אֹתֹ֛ו וְאֶת־כָּל־עַמֹּ֖ו וְאֶת־אַרְצֹ֑ו וְעָשִׂ֣יתָ לֹּ֔ו כַּאֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשִׂ֗יתָ לְסִיחֹן֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ הָֽאֱמֹרִ֔י אֲשֶׁ֥ר יֹושֵׁ֖ב בְּחֶשְׁבֹּֽון׃ Then YHWH said to me, ‘Do not fear him, for I have given him into your hand, along with … Continue reading →

וַנֵּ֣פֶן וַנַּ֔עַל דֶּ֖רֶךְ הַבָּשָׁ֑ן וַיֵּצֵ֣א עֹוג֩ מֶֽלֶךְ־הַבָּשָׁ֨ן לִקְרָאתֵ֜נוּ ה֧וּא וְכָל־עַמֹּ֛ו לַמִּלְחָמָ֖ה אֶדְרֶֽעִי׃ “We turned and went up by the way of the Bashan, and ʿOg, King of the Bashan, came out to meet us, he and all his people, for … Continue reading →

רַ֛ק אֶל־אֶ֥רֶץ בְּנֵי־עַמֹּ֖ון לֹ֣א קָרָ֑בְתָּ כָּל־יַ֞ד נַ֤חַל יַבֹּק֙ וְעָרֵ֣י הָהָ֔ר וְכֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֖ה יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ׃ Only to the land of the sons of Ammon you did not draw near—any part of the river Yabboq, the cities of the hill country, and … Continue reading →

מֵֽעֲרֹעֵ֡ר אֲשֶׁר֩ עַל־שְׂפַת־נַ֨חַל אַרְנֹ֜ן וְהָעִ֨יר אֲשֶׁ֤ר בַּנַּ֨חַל֙ וְעַד־הַגִּלְעָ֔ד לֹ֤א הָֽיְתָה֙ קִרְיָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר שָׂגְבָ֖ה מִמֶּ֑נּוּ אֶת־הַכֹּ֕ל נָתַ֛ן יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵ֖ינוּ לְפָנֵֽינוּ׃ From ʿAroʿer, which is on the edge of the valley of Arnon, and the city that is in the wadi, and … Continue reading →

רַ֥ק הַבְּהֵמָ֖ה בָּזַ֣זְנוּ לָ֑נוּ וּשְׁלַ֥ל הֶעָרִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר לָכָֽדְנוּ׃ Only the livestock we took as spoil for ourselves, along with the plunder of the cities that we captured.   Morphology רַ֥ק (raq) – Root: רק (rq); Form: Adverb; Translation: “Only”; Notes: … Continue reading →

וַנִּלְכֹּ֤ד אֶת־כָּל־עָרָיו֙ בָּעֵ֣ת הַהִ֔וא וַֽנַּחֲרֵם֙ אֶת־כָּל־עִ֣יר מְתִ֔ם וְהַנָּשִׁ֖ים וְהַטָּ֑ף לֹ֥א הִשְׁאַ֖רְנוּ שָׂרִֽיד׃ And we captured all his cities at that time and utterly destroyed every city—men, women, and children. We left no survivor.   Morphology וַנִּלְכֹּ֤ד (va-nilkod) – Root: לכד … Continue reading →

וַֽיִּתְּנֵ֛הוּ יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵ֖ינוּ לְפָנֵ֑ינוּ וַנַּ֥ךְ אֹתֹ֛ו וְאֶת־בְּנֹ֖ו וְאֶת־כָּל־עַמֹּֽו׃ And YHWH our God delivered him before us, and we struck him, his son, and all his people.   Morphology וַֽיִּתְּנֵ֛הוּ (vayittenehu) – Root: נתן (natan); Form: Hifil imperfect 3rd person masculine … Continue reading →

וַיֵּצֵא֩ סִיחֹ֨ן לִקְרָאתֵ֜נוּ ה֧וּא וְכָל־עַמֹּ֛ו לַמִּלְחָמָ֖ה יָֽהְצָה׃ Siḥon came out to meet us, he and all his people, for battle at Yahtzah.   Morphology וַיֵּצֵא֩ (vayyetse) – Root: יצא (y-ts-ʾ); Form: Qal wayyiqtol (consecutive imperfect) 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: … Continue reading →

וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֵלַ֔י רְאֵ֗ה הַֽחִלֹּ֨תִי֙ תֵּ֣ת לְפָנֶ֔יךָ אֶת־סִיחֹ֖ן וְאֶת־אַרְצֹ֑ו הָחֵ֣ל רָ֔שׁ לָרֶ֖שֶׁת אֶת־אַרְצֹֽו׃ And YHWH said to me, ‘See, I have begun to give Sihon and his land before you; begin to dispossess and take possession of his land.’   … Continue reading →

וְלֹ֣א אָבָ֗ה סִיחֹן֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ חֶשְׁבֹּ֔ון הַעֲבִרֵ֖נוּ בֹּ֑ו כִּֽי־הִקְשָׁה֩ יְהוָ֨ה אֱלֹהֶ֜יךָ אֶת־רוּחֹ֗ו וְאִמֵּץ֙ אֶת־לְבָבֹ֔ו לְמַ֛עַן תִּתֹּ֥ו בְיָדְךָ֖ כַּיֹּ֥ום הַזֶּֽה׃ ס But Siḥon, King of Ḥeshbon, was not willing to let us pass through, for YHWH your God hardened his spirit and … Continue reading →

כַּאֲשֶׁ֨ר עָֽשׂוּ־לִ֜י בְּנֵ֣י עֵשָׂ֗ו הַיֹּֽשְׁבִים֙ בְּשֵׂעִ֔יר וְהַמֹּ֣ואָבִ֔ים הַיֹּשְׁבִ֖ים בְּעָ֑ר עַ֤ד אֲשֶֽׁר־אֶֽעֱבֹר֙ אֶת־הַיַּרְדֵּ֔ן אֶל־הָאָ֕רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵ֖ינוּ נֹתֵ֥ן לָֽנוּ׃ As the descendants of ʿEsav who live in Seʿir and the Moʾavim who live in ʿAr did for me, until I cross the … Continue reading →

אֹ֣כֶל בַּכֶּ֤סֶף תַּשְׁבִּרֵ֨נִי֙ וְאָכַ֔לְתִּי וּמַ֛יִם בַּכֶּ֥סֶף תִּתֶּן־לִ֖י וְשָׁתִ֑יתִי רַ֖ק אֶעְבְּרָ֥ה בְרַגְלָֽי׃ Food you will sell me for silver, and I will eat, and water you will give me for silver, and I will drink—just let me pass on foot.   … Continue reading →

אֶעְבְּרָ֣ה בְאַרְצֶ֔ךָ בַּדֶּ֥רֶךְ בַּדֶּ֖רֶךְ אֵלֵ֑ךְ לֹ֥א אָס֖וּר יָמִ֥ין וּשְׂמֹֽאול׃ ‘I will pass through your land. On the road, I will go; I will not turn aside to the right or the left.   Morphology אֶעְבְּרָ֣ה (ʾeʿb’rah) – Root: עבר (ʿvr); … Continue reading →

וָאֶשְׁלַ֤ח מַלְאָכִים֙ מִמִּדְבַּ֣ר קְדֵמֹ֔ות אֶל־סִיחֹ֖ון מֶ֣לֶךְ חֶשְׁבֹּ֑ון דִּבְרֵ֥י שָׁלֹ֖ום לֵאמֹֽר׃ And I sent messengers from the wilderness of Qedemot to Siḥon, king of Ḥeshbon, with words of peace, saying,   Morphology וָאֶשְׁלַ֤ח (vaʾeshlach) – Root: שלח (šlḥ); Form: Qal waw-consecutive … Continue reading →

הַיֹּ֣ום הַזֶּ֗ה אָחֵל֙ תֵּ֤ת פַּחְדְּךָ֙ וְיִרְאָ֣תְךָ֔ עַל־פְּנֵי֙ הָֽעַמִּ֔ים תַּ֖חַת כָּל־הַשָּׁמָ֑יִם אֲשֶׁ֤ר יִשְׁמְעוּן֙ שִׁמְעֲךָ֔ וְרָגְז֥וּ וְחָל֖וּ מִפָּנֶֽיךָ׃ This day I will begin to put the dread of you and the fear of you on the peoples under all the heavens, who … Continue reading →

ק֣וּמוּ סְּע֗וּ וְעִבְרוּ֮ אֶת־נַ֣חַל אַרְנֹן֒ רְאֵ֣ה נָתַ֣תִּי בְ֠יָדְךָ אֶת־סִיחֹ֨ן מֶֽלֶךְ־חֶשְׁבֹּ֧ון הָֽאֱמֹרִ֛י וְאֶת־אַרְצֹ֖ו הָחֵ֣ל רָ֑שׁ וְהִתְגָּ֥ר בֹּ֖ו מִלְחָמָֽה׃ Rise, journey, and cross the valley of Arnon. See, I have given into your hand Siḥon, King of Ḥeshbon, the Emori, and his … Continue reading →

וְהָֽעַוִּ֛ים הַיֹּשְׁבִ֥ים בַּחֲצֵרִ֖ים עַד־עַזָּ֑ה כַּפְתֹּרִים֙ הַיֹּצְאִ֣ים מִכַּפְתֹּ֔ור הִשְׁמִידֻ֖ם וַיֵּשְׁב֥וּ תַחְתָּֽם׃ And the ʿAvvim who lived in villages as far as ʿAzza, the Kaftorim who came out of Kaftor destroyed them and lived in their place.   Morphology וְהָֽעַוִּ֛ים (ve-haʿavvim) – … Continue reading →

כַּאֲשֶׁ֤ר עָשָׂה֙ לִבְנֵ֣י עֵשָׂ֔ו הַיֹּשְׁבִ֖ים בְּשֵׂעִ֑יר אֲשֶׁ֨ר הִשְׁמִ֤יד אֶת־הַחֹרִי֙ מִפְּנֵיהֶ֔ם וַיִּֽירָשֻׁם֙ וַיֵּשְׁב֣וּ תַחְתָּ֔ם עַ֖ד הַיֹּ֥ום הַזֶּֽה׃ As He did for the descendants of ʿEsav dwelling in Seʿir, when He destroyed the Ḥori before them, and they dispossessed them and lived … Continue reading →

עַ֣ם גָּדֹ֥ול וְרַ֛ב וָרָ֖ם כָּעֲנָקִ֑ים וַיַּשְׁמִידֵ֤ם יְהוָה֙ מִפְּנֵיהֶ֔ם וַיִּירָשֻׁ֖ם וַיֵּשְׁב֥וּ תַחְתָּֽם׃ A great and numerous people, tall as the Anaqim, and YHWH destroyed them before them, and they dispossessed them and dwelt in their place.   Morphology עַ֣ם (ʿam) – … Continue reading →

אֶֽרֶץ־רְפָאִ֥ים תֵּחָשֵׁ֖ב אַף־הִ֑וא רְפָאִ֤ים יָֽשְׁבוּ־בָהּ֙ לְפָנִ֔ים וְהָֽעַמֹּנִ֔ים יִקְרְא֥וּ לָהֶ֖ם זַמְזֻמִּֽים׃ The land of the Refaʾim is also considered; the Refaʾim lived there formerly, but the ʿAmmonim call them Zamzummim.   Morphology אֶֽרֶץ־רְפָאִ֥ים (ʾeretṣ-Refaʾim) – Root: ארץ (ʾrṣ) + רפא (rph); … Continue reading →

וְקָרַבְתָּ֗ מ֚וּל בְּנֵ֣י עַמֹּ֔ון אַל־תְּצֻרֵ֖ם וְאַל־תִּתְגָּ֣ר בָּ֑ם כִּ֣י לֹֽא־֠אֶתֵּן מֵאֶ֨רֶץ בְּנֵי־עַמֹּ֤ון לְךָ֙ יְרֻשָּׁ֔ה כִּ֥י לִבְנֵי־לֹ֖וט נְתַתִּ֥יהָ יְרֻשָּֽׁה׃ When you approach the descendants of ʿAmmon, do not harass them or provoke them to war, for I will not give you any … Continue reading →

אַתָּ֨ה עֹבֵ֥ר הַיֹּ֛ום אֶת־גְּב֥וּל מֹואָ֖ב אֶת־עָֽר׃ You are passing today the border of Moʾav, at ʿAr.   Morphology אַתָּ֨ה (ʾattah) – Root: אתה (ʾth); Form: Pronoun, 2nd person masculine singular; Translation: “You”; Notes: Refers to the singular addressee. עֹבֵ֥ר (ʿover) … Continue reading →

וַיְדַבֵּ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה אֵלַ֥י לֵאמֹֽר׃ And YHWH spoke to me, saying,   Morphology וַיְדַבֵּ֥ר (vay’dabber) – Root: דבר (dbr); Form: Piel imperfect 3rd person masculine singular with vav-consecutive; Translation: “And he spoke”; Notes: Emphasizes direct communication from YHWH. יְהוָ֖ה (YHWH) – … Continue reading →

וַיְהִ֨י כַאֲשֶׁר־תַּ֜מּוּ כָּל־אַנְשֵׁ֧י הַמִּלְחָמָ֛ה לָמ֖וּת מִקֶּ֥רֶב הָעָֽם׃ ס And it came to pass, when all the men of war had perished from among the people.   Morphology וַיְהִ֨י (vayehi) – Root: היה (h-y-h); Form: Vav-consecutive Qal imperfect 3rd person masculine … Continue reading →

וְגַ֤ם יַד־יְהוָה֙ הָ֣יְתָה בָּ֔ם לְהֻמָּ֖ם מִקֶּ֣רֶב הַֽמַּחֲנֶ֑ה עַ֖ד תֻּמָּֽם׃ and indeed, the hand of YHWH was against them to destroy them from within the camp until they were finished.   Morphology וְגַ֤ם (vegam) – Root: גם (gm); Form: Conjunction; Translation: … Continue reading →

וְהַיָּמִ֞ים אֲשֶׁר־הָלַ֣כְנוּ מִקָּדֵ֣שׁ בַּרְנֵ֗עַ עַ֤ד אֲשֶׁר־עָבַ֨רְנוּ֙ אֶת־נַ֣חַל זֶ֔רֶד שְׁלֹשִׁ֥ים וּשְׁמֹנֶ֖ה שָׁנָ֑ה עַד־תֹּ֨ם כָּל־הַדֹּ֜ור אַנְשֵׁ֤י הַמִּלְחָמָה֙ מִקֶּ֣רֶב הַֽמַּחֲנֶ֔ה כַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר נִשְׁבַּ֥ע יְהוָ֖ה לָהֶֽם׃ And the days that we traveled from Qadesh-Barnea until we crossed the valley of Zered were thirty-eight years, until … Continue reading →